Managing Skin Problems from Radiation Therapy
Your Skin and Radiation Therapy
Many people who undergo external radiation therapy develop skin problem during their treatment that may continue after treatment has ended.
Common skin problems that occur as a result of radiation therapy include:
• itchiness
• redness or sunburn-like appearance
• dryness
• general irritation
• skin may appear tan
These side effects occur in the area being exposed to radiation. People may also lose hair in the area being treated.
Tips for Managing Skin Irritation During Radiation Therapy
• Use warm water and a mild soap to cleanse area during bathing. Baby soap is gentle enough.
• Do not use scented perfumes, lotions, or creams on the treated area unless directed by a doctor.
• Do not apply any cream two hours before or immediately after therapy unless directed by a doctor.
• Do not wear tight fitting clothing around the treatment area. It may rub against the area causing irritation.
• Avoid exposing the treated area to the sun or use tanning salons.
• Avoid scratching the skin even if itchy.
• Report any skin problems to your doctor. He or she may be able to prescribe an ointment or cream to reduce discomfort.
Sunday, October 23, 2011
Side Effects of Radiation Therapy. How to Manage Them
Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
What the Side Effects Are and How to Manage Them
Side effects of radiation vary from person to person. It all depends on how often treatment is given and a few other factors.
Common Side Effects
The three most commonly experienced side effects of radiation therapy are:
Fatigue: All people undergoing radiation therapy experience some degree of fatigue during treatment. Fatigue is a general feeling of being extremely tired. This is the time when you should rely on your support system to help with chores, errands, child care and other tasks. Short naps throughout the day and getting uninterrupted sleep at night really make a difference in your energy level.
Skin Problems: The skin that has been exposed to treatment may appear red, sunburned, tan or irritated. The skin is sensitive and should be treated as so. You can request special creams/gels from your doctor or oncology nurse (there is one called Radiagel, for example). Patients should avoid perfumes or scented body lotions, tight-fitting clothing, and exposing the area to sun (during treatment and for at least one year after). Problems with the skin will go away after treatment ends.
Loss of Appetite: Loss of appetite can lead to fatigue and nutritional deficiencies. It isimportant to keep up strength during any cancer treatment and food is one of the best resources to do that. Smaller meals throughout the day instead of three square meals helps. Eating foods rich in vitamins like fruits and veggies are essential. Appetite will increase as treatment ends. For patients undergoing treatment for head or neck cancer (and sometimes lung), lack of saliva can be a side effect. There are special treatments for this problem -- talk to your doctor.
Other Radiation Side Effects
This depends on what type of cancer you have and where you receive treatment on your body. Possible side effects include:
Hair Loss: Hair loss only occurs at the site which is being treated. If you are having radiation therapy on your pelvis, you will not lose hair on your head. But, if you are having treatment for head and neck cancer, there is a good chance you will experience hair loss.
The good news is that in most cases, hair does grow back after treatment.
Decreases in Blood Count: Radiation can cause the lowering of white blood cells and platelets. This can lead to lowered immunity to viruses and bacteria because the white blood cells are what fights off these attackers. Tests will be done on a regular basis to check blood counts and treatment may be altered depending on the results.
While side effects do vary with treatment, where the radiation is being directed will produce different side effects. For instance, treatment to the pelvis may cause fertility problems, and treatment to the head and neck can produce dental problems like cavities.
It is important to ask your physician what side effects are anticipated and how they can be prevented or managed.
What the Side Effects Are and How to Manage Them
Side effects of radiation vary from person to person. It all depends on how often treatment is given and a few other factors.
Common Side Effects
The three most commonly experienced side effects of radiation therapy are:
Fatigue: All people undergoing radiation therapy experience some degree of fatigue during treatment. Fatigue is a general feeling of being extremely tired. This is the time when you should rely on your support system to help with chores, errands, child care and other tasks. Short naps throughout the day and getting uninterrupted sleep at night really make a difference in your energy level.
Skin Problems: The skin that has been exposed to treatment may appear red, sunburned, tan or irritated. The skin is sensitive and should be treated as so. You can request special creams/gels from your doctor or oncology nurse (there is one called Radiagel, for example). Patients should avoid perfumes or scented body lotions, tight-fitting clothing, and exposing the area to sun (during treatment and for at least one year after). Problems with the skin will go away after treatment ends.
Loss of Appetite: Loss of appetite can lead to fatigue and nutritional deficiencies. It isimportant to keep up strength during any cancer treatment and food is one of the best resources to do that. Smaller meals throughout the day instead of three square meals helps. Eating foods rich in vitamins like fruits and veggies are essential. Appetite will increase as treatment ends. For patients undergoing treatment for head or neck cancer (and sometimes lung), lack of saliva can be a side effect. There are special treatments for this problem -- talk to your doctor.
Other Radiation Side Effects
This depends on what type of cancer you have and where you receive treatment on your body. Possible side effects include:
Hair Loss: Hair loss only occurs at the site which is being treated. If you are having radiation therapy on your pelvis, you will not lose hair on your head. But, if you are having treatment for head and neck cancer, there is a good chance you will experience hair loss.
The good news is that in most cases, hair does grow back after treatment.
Decreases in Blood Count: Radiation can cause the lowering of white blood cells and platelets. This can lead to lowered immunity to viruses and bacteria because the white blood cells are what fights off these attackers. Tests will be done on a regular basis to check blood counts and treatment may be altered depending on the results.
While side effects do vary with treatment, where the radiation is being directed will produce different side effects. For instance, treatment to the pelvis may cause fertility problems, and treatment to the head and neck can produce dental problems like cavities.
It is important to ask your physician what side effects are anticipated and how they can be prevented or managed.
Endometrial Cancer. Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
Endometrial Cancer
The Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention of Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus in women. It is commonly referred to as uterine cancer, but other types of cancer do develop in the uterus, though much less often.
Endometrial cancer is most often diagnosed in women who went through menopause but can be diagnosed in younger women too. It is most often found in the early stages, when the disease is most treatable.
Causes and Risk Factors of Endometrial Cancer
While we cannot yet pinpoint exactly what causes endometrial cancer, studies do suggest that levels of estrogen may be associated with cancer development. Another possible cause that is being investigated is genetic mutations of certain genes. Researchers, however, have identified several endometrial cancer risk factors. They include:
• never being pregnant
• beginning menstruation before age 12 and continuing through age 50 or more
• being diabetic
• obesity
• use of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)
• personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer
• use of Tamoxifen, a breast cancer adjuvant therapy
Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer
Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common and usually first experienced symptom of endometrial cancer. Vaginal bleeding is considered abnormal when
• periods are heavy and prolonged
• heavy spotting occurs between periods
• there's more than one period in a cycle month
• bleeding occurs before and/or after sex
• bleeding occurs in women who are post-menopausal
Women with endometrial cancer may also experience pain during sexual intercourse; a watery, blood-tinged discharge; pelvic pain; and unintentional weight loss.
Diagnosing Endometrial Cancer
If endometrial cancer is suspected, a thorough pelvic exam will first be done by a gynecologist. This is an excellent time to discuss personal and family medical history and symptoms. If you haven't had a recent Pap smear and are due for one, the gynecologist may do one at this time, along with the pelvic exam. Pap smears very rarely ever detect endometrial cancer, but one may be done to rule out other cervical conditions.
To confirm the presence or absence of cancer, an endometrial biopsy is necessary. An endometrial biopsy can be done in the gynecologist's office and takes only a few moments to complete. Most women report feeling moderate pain and cramping that lasts only through the biopsy and some mild cramping following the biopsy.
Another method of obtaining endometrial tissue samples is through a dilation and curettage (D&C). During a D&C, the uterus is scraped with a instrument called a "curette." You are given an anesthetic so you will not feel anything during the procedure, but you can expect mild cramping afterward.
If biopsy samples reveal endometrial cancer, then the cancer is staged. Staging refers to how far the cancer has spread to nearby tissue or organs. There are four stages of endometrial cancer. Most endometrial cancers are diagnosed at stage I or II; the first stages of the disease are when it is most treatable.
Treating Endometrial Cancer
Treatment options depend heavily on the stage of endometrial cancer, but surgery is the most common type of treatment. Surgery is also used when some cases of endometrial cancer have staged. Surgery treatment for endometrial cancer include:
• hysterectomy - surgical removal of the uterus
• hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo oopherectomy - surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
• lymph node dissection - removal of pelvic lymph nodes during hysterectomy that are later screened for cancer
• tumor debulking - removal of large tumors that have spread throughout the pelvis; done in cases of advanced endometrial cancer
Radiation therapy is also an option for treating endometrial cancer. This type of treatment uses certain types of high-energy beams of radiation to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells. Radiation therapy works by damaging a cancer cell's DNA, making it unable to multiply. Although radiation therapy can damage nearby healthy cells, cancer cells are highly sensitive to radiation and typically die when treated. Healthy cells that are damaged during radiation are resilient and are often able to fully recover.
• Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
• How to Manage Skin Side Effects Caused by Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy may be prescribed to treat endometrial cancer in women whose cancer has spread beyond the uterus. There are several chemotherapy drugs used to treat endometrial cancer, but many times, a combination of different drugs is prescribed.
Chemotherapy drugs work by eliminating rapidly multiplying cancer cells, however, there are other healthy cells in the body that multiply just as quickly, such as hair follicle cells. Unfortunately, many chemotherapy drugs may not be able to discern the two, attacking healthy cells and causing side effects, such as hair loss.
• Chemotherapy Side Effects
• Hair Loss and Chemotherapy: Can It Be Prevented?
• Combating Fatigue During Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy may also be used to slow the growth of endometrial cancer or to prevent or treat its recurrence. Use of progestins, drugs similar to the hormone progesterone, slow the growth of cancer cells. Progestins are prescribed in a pill or injection form.
Endometrial Cancer Prevention
Long-term use of birth control pills has been shown to decrease a woman's risk of endometrial cancer. An even added benefit is that the decrease in risk can continue for as long as 10 years after discontinuing their use.
Studies also show that keeping a healthy weight may decrease a woman's risk as well. Body fat tissue can increase the levels of estrogen, which can increase your risk of endometrial cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight also prevents many other types of diseases and conditions, not just endometrial cancer.
Combined hormone therapy that uses progestin along with estrogen appears to lower the risk of endometrial cancer. This type of hormone therapy does have side effects and is not for everyone.
The Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention of Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus in women. It is commonly referred to as uterine cancer, but other types of cancer do develop in the uterus, though much less often.
Endometrial cancer is most often diagnosed in women who went through menopause but can be diagnosed in younger women too. It is most often found in the early stages, when the disease is most treatable.
Causes and Risk Factors of Endometrial Cancer
While we cannot yet pinpoint exactly what causes endometrial cancer, studies do suggest that levels of estrogen may be associated with cancer development. Another possible cause that is being investigated is genetic mutations of certain genes. Researchers, however, have identified several endometrial cancer risk factors. They include:
• never being pregnant
• beginning menstruation before age 12 and continuing through age 50 or more
• being diabetic
• obesity
• use of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)
• personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer
• use of Tamoxifen, a breast cancer adjuvant therapy
Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer
Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common and usually first experienced symptom of endometrial cancer. Vaginal bleeding is considered abnormal when
• periods are heavy and prolonged
• heavy spotting occurs between periods
• there's more than one period in a cycle month
• bleeding occurs before and/or after sex
• bleeding occurs in women who are post-menopausal
Women with endometrial cancer may also experience pain during sexual intercourse; a watery, blood-tinged discharge; pelvic pain; and unintentional weight loss.
Diagnosing Endometrial Cancer
If endometrial cancer is suspected, a thorough pelvic exam will first be done by a gynecologist. This is an excellent time to discuss personal and family medical history and symptoms. If you haven't had a recent Pap smear and are due for one, the gynecologist may do one at this time, along with the pelvic exam. Pap smears very rarely ever detect endometrial cancer, but one may be done to rule out other cervical conditions.
To confirm the presence or absence of cancer, an endometrial biopsy is necessary. An endometrial biopsy can be done in the gynecologist's office and takes only a few moments to complete. Most women report feeling moderate pain and cramping that lasts only through the biopsy and some mild cramping following the biopsy.
Another method of obtaining endometrial tissue samples is through a dilation and curettage (D&C). During a D&C, the uterus is scraped with a instrument called a "curette." You are given an anesthetic so you will not feel anything during the procedure, but you can expect mild cramping afterward.
If biopsy samples reveal endometrial cancer, then the cancer is staged. Staging refers to how far the cancer has spread to nearby tissue or organs. There are four stages of endometrial cancer. Most endometrial cancers are diagnosed at stage I or II; the first stages of the disease are when it is most treatable.
Treating Endometrial Cancer
Treatment options depend heavily on the stage of endometrial cancer, but surgery is the most common type of treatment. Surgery is also used when some cases of endometrial cancer have staged. Surgery treatment for endometrial cancer include:
• hysterectomy - surgical removal of the uterus
• hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo oopherectomy - surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
• lymph node dissection - removal of pelvic lymph nodes during hysterectomy that are later screened for cancer
• tumor debulking - removal of large tumors that have spread throughout the pelvis; done in cases of advanced endometrial cancer
Radiation therapy is also an option for treating endometrial cancer. This type of treatment uses certain types of high-energy beams of radiation to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells. Radiation therapy works by damaging a cancer cell's DNA, making it unable to multiply. Although radiation therapy can damage nearby healthy cells, cancer cells are highly sensitive to radiation and typically die when treated. Healthy cells that are damaged during radiation are resilient and are often able to fully recover.
• Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
• How to Manage Skin Side Effects Caused by Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy may be prescribed to treat endometrial cancer in women whose cancer has spread beyond the uterus. There are several chemotherapy drugs used to treat endometrial cancer, but many times, a combination of different drugs is prescribed.
Chemotherapy drugs work by eliminating rapidly multiplying cancer cells, however, there are other healthy cells in the body that multiply just as quickly, such as hair follicle cells. Unfortunately, many chemotherapy drugs may not be able to discern the two, attacking healthy cells and causing side effects, such as hair loss.
• Chemotherapy Side Effects
• Hair Loss and Chemotherapy: Can It Be Prevented?
• Combating Fatigue During Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy may also be used to slow the growth of endometrial cancer or to prevent or treat its recurrence. Use of progestins, drugs similar to the hormone progesterone, slow the growth of cancer cells. Progestins are prescribed in a pill or injection form.
Endometrial Cancer Prevention
Long-term use of birth control pills has been shown to decrease a woman's risk of endometrial cancer. An even added benefit is that the decrease in risk can continue for as long as 10 years after discontinuing their use.
Studies also show that keeping a healthy weight may decrease a woman's risk as well. Body fat tissue can increase the levels of estrogen, which can increase your risk of endometrial cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight also prevents many other types of diseases and conditions, not just endometrial cancer.
Combined hormone therapy that uses progestin along with estrogen appears to lower the risk of endometrial cancer. This type of hormone therapy does have side effects and is not for everyone.
Preventing Cancer. Top 10 Ways To Prevent Cancer
Top 10 Ways To Prevent Cancer
Simple Lifestlye Changes Can Help to Prevent Cancer
Cancer prevention is easier than you think. With a few simple lifestyle changes, you can drastically reduce your risk of many types of cancer. Many factors play a role in cancer development, but the good news is that most can be avoided.
1. Avoid Smoking and Exposure to Smoke
Smoking is the most significant cancer risk factor that we can reduce. It is responsible for not only lung cancer, but many other types of cancer. One of the best ways to prevent cancer is to quit smoking or never start. As soon as you quit, and it's never too late, your body reaps the benefits of being tobacco-free.
Avoiding secondhand smoke is also a way to prevent cancer. Secondhand smoke is the smoke exhaled from a smoker or a lit cigarette, pipe or cigar. This smoke contains more than 60 known carcinogens". These carcinogens interrupt normal cell development. This interference is what ignites cancer development.
• Can Cigars Cause Cancer?
• Does Marijuana Increase Your Risk of Lung Cancer?
2. Practice Sun Safety and Recognize When Skin Changes Occur
Did you know that over one million Americans are diagnosed with skin cancer each year? Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer among men and women, and it accounts for about half of all cancer diagnoses. The good news is that skin cancer is one of the most preventable types of cancer.
The first step in preventing skin cancer is to avoid UV ray exposure. We can do this by wearing sunscreen, avoiding mid-day sun, wearing protective clothing when outdoors, and by staying away from tanning beds. Here are some tips to get you started:
• Common Sunscreen Mistakes
• How to Fake a Summer Tan
• Avoid the Sun: How to Take Your Walking Indoors
3. Eat Your Fruits and Veggies
A well-balanced diet is advantageous for many reasons. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables greatly reduces your risk of developing cancer and many other conditions.
Fruits and vegetables contain antioxidants, which help repair our damaged cells. Green, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables are your best bet to help prevent cancer. Studies also show that dark fruits, like blueberries and grapes, may also have anti-cancer properties.
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cauliflower appear to pack a powerful punch at preventing cancer, according to numerous studies. Other cruciferous vegetables include bok choy, Brussel sprouts, and cabbage.
• Eat to Beat Cancer
• 6 Weeks to a Healthier Diet
• Nutritional Benefits of Eating Berries
4. Limit Red Meat and Animal Fat
Numerous studies show that a diet high in animal fat increases the risk for several types of cancer, particularly colon cancer. Red meat contains much more fat than poultry and fish, so reducing the amount of red meat in your diet may help to prevent cancer. A diet high in fat also is major cause of obesity, which is a risk factor for many types of cancer.
• Healthy Sources of Protein
• Eat Beef and Still Stay Healthy
• Quiz: How Healthy is Your Diet?
5. Limit Your Alcohol Intake
Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol regularly increases your risk factor for many types of cancer. Studies suggest that men who consume 2 alcoholic drinks per day and women who have 1 alcoholic drink per day significantly increase their risk factors for certain types of cancer.
• How Alcohol Can Cause Lung Cancer
• Signs You May Be an Alcoholic
• Are You Troubled By Someone's Drinking?
6. Exercise for Cancer Prevention
Did you know that when you are exercise, you are reducing your risk for many types of cancer? The American Cancer Society recommends exercising 30 or minutes, at least 5 days a week for cancer prevention. Exercising doesn't have to mean going to the gym to lift weights. There are plenty of ways to get exercise into your day. Check out these 10 ways to prevent cancer through exercise for great gym alternatives.
• How Exercise Can Reduce Your Breast Cancer Risk
• Can Exercise Prevent Lung Cancer?
• Exercise for Beginners
7. Know Your Personal and Family Medical History
Knowing your family history of cancer is important to properly assess your risk factor for certain types of cancer. We know that cancers like breast, colon, ovarian, and possibly other types can be hereditary.
If you know that a certain type of cancer runs in your family, let your doctor know. Together, you can determine a proper screening plan and assess your true risk. Genetic testing and counseling is available and may be recommended based on your family's medical history.
• Should You Have the Breast Cancer Gene Test?
• How to Properly Record Your Family Medical History
• How to Get Your Family Medical History if You are Adopted
8. Know What You're Being Exposed to in Your Work Environment
Chemicals in the workplace may increase your risk of developing many types of cancer, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer. If you are exposed to fumes, dust, chemicals, etc. in the workplace, you have a legal right to know what you are being exposed to. Gasoline, diesel exhaust, arsenic, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, and chloromethyl ethers are all carcinogens and can be found in some work environments. Talk to your employer about limiting exposure.
• Could My Job Put Me at Risk for Lung Cancer?
• Do Chemicals Increase Your Risk of Breast Cancer?
• Do You Know What the Carcinogen Hazard Symbol Looks Like?
9. Practice Safe Sex
You may wonder what sex has to do with cancer. Unsafe sex can result in the infection of the human papillomairus (HPV), a known cause for cervical cancer and a risk factor for many other types of cancer. HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that is spread through sexual, skin-to-skin contact. A vaccine, Gardasil, to prevent HPV was approved by the FDA in 2006 and protects against four strains of HPV that are associated with cervical cancer and other types. HIV/AIDS is also associated with some types of cancers.
• What Is HPV and How Do You Get It?
• HPV Symptoms
• How to Prevent HPV
10. Get Screened for Cancer Regularly
Cancer screening tests can be useful not only in detecting cancer, but also helping prevent it. Screening tests like the colonoscopy and Pap smear can detect abnormal cellular changes before they turn cancerous. The key to their effectiveness, however, is that they are done regularly.
Other cancer screening tests are available and may be useful for early detection, but not necessarily cancer prevention. Prostate cancer screening through digital rectal exams and PSA tests can help detect prostate cancer early. Mammograms and other imaging tools are also recommended to detect breast cancer in women.
How Often Should You Have a Pap Smear?
• Preventing Colon Cancer
• The Pros and Cons of Prostate Cancer Screening
Simple Lifestlye Changes Can Help to Prevent Cancer
Cancer prevention is easier than you think. With a few simple lifestyle changes, you can drastically reduce your risk of many types of cancer. Many factors play a role in cancer development, but the good news is that most can be avoided.
1. Avoid Smoking and Exposure to Smoke
Smoking is the most significant cancer risk factor that we can reduce. It is responsible for not only lung cancer, but many other types of cancer. One of the best ways to prevent cancer is to quit smoking or never start. As soon as you quit, and it's never too late, your body reaps the benefits of being tobacco-free.
Avoiding secondhand smoke is also a way to prevent cancer. Secondhand smoke is the smoke exhaled from a smoker or a lit cigarette, pipe or cigar. This smoke contains more than 60 known carcinogens". These carcinogens interrupt normal cell development. This interference is what ignites cancer development.
• Can Cigars Cause Cancer?
• Does Marijuana Increase Your Risk of Lung Cancer?
2. Practice Sun Safety and Recognize When Skin Changes Occur
Did you know that over one million Americans are diagnosed with skin cancer each year? Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer among men and women, and it accounts for about half of all cancer diagnoses. The good news is that skin cancer is one of the most preventable types of cancer.
The first step in preventing skin cancer is to avoid UV ray exposure. We can do this by wearing sunscreen, avoiding mid-day sun, wearing protective clothing when outdoors, and by staying away from tanning beds. Here are some tips to get you started:
• Common Sunscreen Mistakes
• How to Fake a Summer Tan
• Avoid the Sun: How to Take Your Walking Indoors
3. Eat Your Fruits and Veggies
A well-balanced diet is advantageous for many reasons. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables greatly reduces your risk of developing cancer and many other conditions.
Fruits and vegetables contain antioxidants, which help repair our damaged cells. Green, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables are your best bet to help prevent cancer. Studies also show that dark fruits, like blueberries and grapes, may also have anti-cancer properties.
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cauliflower appear to pack a powerful punch at preventing cancer, according to numerous studies. Other cruciferous vegetables include bok choy, Brussel sprouts, and cabbage.
• Eat to Beat Cancer
• 6 Weeks to a Healthier Diet
• Nutritional Benefits of Eating Berries
4. Limit Red Meat and Animal Fat
Numerous studies show that a diet high in animal fat increases the risk for several types of cancer, particularly colon cancer. Red meat contains much more fat than poultry and fish, so reducing the amount of red meat in your diet may help to prevent cancer. A diet high in fat also is major cause of obesity, which is a risk factor for many types of cancer.
• Healthy Sources of Protein
• Eat Beef and Still Stay Healthy
• Quiz: How Healthy is Your Diet?
5. Limit Your Alcohol Intake
Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol regularly increases your risk factor for many types of cancer. Studies suggest that men who consume 2 alcoholic drinks per day and women who have 1 alcoholic drink per day significantly increase their risk factors for certain types of cancer.
• How Alcohol Can Cause Lung Cancer
• Signs You May Be an Alcoholic
• Are You Troubled By Someone's Drinking?
6. Exercise for Cancer Prevention
Did you know that when you are exercise, you are reducing your risk for many types of cancer? The American Cancer Society recommends exercising 30 or minutes, at least 5 days a week for cancer prevention. Exercising doesn't have to mean going to the gym to lift weights. There are plenty of ways to get exercise into your day. Check out these 10 ways to prevent cancer through exercise for great gym alternatives.
• How Exercise Can Reduce Your Breast Cancer Risk
• Can Exercise Prevent Lung Cancer?
• Exercise for Beginners
7. Know Your Personal and Family Medical History
Knowing your family history of cancer is important to properly assess your risk factor for certain types of cancer. We know that cancers like breast, colon, ovarian, and possibly other types can be hereditary.
If you know that a certain type of cancer runs in your family, let your doctor know. Together, you can determine a proper screening plan and assess your true risk. Genetic testing and counseling is available and may be recommended based on your family's medical history.
• Should You Have the Breast Cancer Gene Test?
• How to Properly Record Your Family Medical History
• How to Get Your Family Medical History if You are Adopted
8. Know What You're Being Exposed to in Your Work Environment
Chemicals in the workplace may increase your risk of developing many types of cancer, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer. If you are exposed to fumes, dust, chemicals, etc. in the workplace, you have a legal right to know what you are being exposed to. Gasoline, diesel exhaust, arsenic, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, and chloromethyl ethers are all carcinogens and can be found in some work environments. Talk to your employer about limiting exposure.
• Could My Job Put Me at Risk for Lung Cancer?
• Do Chemicals Increase Your Risk of Breast Cancer?
• Do You Know What the Carcinogen Hazard Symbol Looks Like?
9. Practice Safe Sex
You may wonder what sex has to do with cancer. Unsafe sex can result in the infection of the human papillomairus (HPV), a known cause for cervical cancer and a risk factor for many other types of cancer. HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that is spread through sexual, skin-to-skin contact. A vaccine, Gardasil, to prevent HPV was approved by the FDA in 2006 and protects against four strains of HPV that are associated with cervical cancer and other types. HIV/AIDS is also associated with some types of cancers.
• What Is HPV and How Do You Get It?
• HPV Symptoms
• How to Prevent HPV
10. Get Screened for Cancer Regularly
Cancer screening tests can be useful not only in detecting cancer, but also helping prevent it. Screening tests like the colonoscopy and Pap smear can detect abnormal cellular changes before they turn cancerous. The key to their effectiveness, however, is that they are done regularly.
Other cancer screening tests are available and may be useful for early detection, but not necessarily cancer prevention. Prostate cancer screening through digital rectal exams and PSA tests can help detect prostate cancer early. Mammograms and other imaging tools are also recommended to detect breast cancer in women.
How Often Should You Have a Pap Smear?
• Preventing Colon Cancer
• The Pros and Cons of Prostate Cancer Screening
Methods of Treatment for Cancer. Standard Treatment for Cancer
Methods of Treatment for Cancer
Standard Treatment for Cancer
There are four standard methods of treatment for cancer: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and biologic therapy. Clinical trials may be an option for some as cancer treatment who meet certain study criteria. Others may choose alternative cancer treatments, which are usually not FDA-approved and often given in locations outside of the U.S.
When initially diagnosed with cancer, a cancer specialist, an oncologist, will provide you with the cancer treatment options. He or she will recommend the best treatment plan based on your type of cancer, how far it has spread, and other important factors like your age and general health.
Ultimately, you are the one who makes your treatment decisions based on your doctor's recommendations, possible second opinions, and other information gathered from qualified professionals.
• Important Questions to Ask Your Doctor When Diagnosed with Cancer
• Tips for Getting a Second Opinion
• How to Choose an Oncologist
Methods of Treatment for Cancer
Surgery: Surgery can be used to prevent, treat, stage (determine how advanced the cancer is), and diagnose cancer. In relation to cancer treatment, surgery is done to remove tumors or as much of the cancerous tissue as possible. It is often performed in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
For those whose cancer is not treatable, palliative surgery may be an option to relieve pain that may be caused by the cancer. Palliative surgery is not intended to treat or cure the cancer, or even to prolong life, but more to lessen discomfort.
• How to Find the Right Surgeon
• Coping with Your Surgery Anxiety
• Recovering from Surgery: Realistic Expectations
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses of drugs to eliminate cancer cells. Unlike surgery, chemotherapy affects the entire body, not just a specific part. It works by targeting rapidly multiplying cancer cells. Unfortunately, other types of cells in our bodies also multiply at high rates, like hair follicle cells and the cells that line our stomachs. This is why chemo can cause side effects like hair loss and an upset stomach.
Chemotherapy is most commonly given by pill or intravenously (IV), but can be given in other ways. A single type of chemotherapy, or a combination of drugs, may be prescribed for a specific length of time. Like surgery, chemotherapy can be prescribed alone, in conjunction with radiation therapy or biologic therapy.
• Sexual Side Effects of Chemotherapy
• Recognizing the Signs of Dehydration During Chemotherapy
• Can You Prevent Hair Loss Caused by Chemotherapy?
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses certain types of energy to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells. It works by damaging a cancer cell's DNA, making it unable to multiply. Cancer cells are highly sensitive to radiation and typically die when treated. Nearby healthy cells can be damaged as well, but are resilient and are able to fully recover.
Radiation therapy may be given alone, along with chemotherapy, and/or with surgery. The decision to combine radiation therapy with other types of treatment depends on the stage of cancer and other factors.
• Radiation Therapy Basics
• Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
• How to Manage Skin Side Effects Caused by Radiation Therapy
Biologic or Targeted Therapy:
Biologic therapy is a term for drugs that target characteristics of cancerous tumors. Some types of targeted therapies work by blocking the biological processes of tumors that allow tumors to thrive and grow. Other types of therapies cut off the blood supply to the tumor, causing it to basically starve and die because of a lack of blood.
Targeted therapy is used in select types of cancer and is not available for everyone. It is given in conjunction with other cancer treatments.
Clinical Trials: Research studies of the latest drugs and therapies against many types of cancer are continuously being conducted. This type of research requires human volunteers to test the safety and effectiveness of new therapies. Volunteers must meet the criteria of each study to participate.
Standard Treatment for Cancer
There are four standard methods of treatment for cancer: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and biologic therapy. Clinical trials may be an option for some as cancer treatment who meet certain study criteria. Others may choose alternative cancer treatments, which are usually not FDA-approved and often given in locations outside of the U.S.
When initially diagnosed with cancer, a cancer specialist, an oncologist, will provide you with the cancer treatment options. He or she will recommend the best treatment plan based on your type of cancer, how far it has spread, and other important factors like your age and general health.
Ultimately, you are the one who makes your treatment decisions based on your doctor's recommendations, possible second opinions, and other information gathered from qualified professionals.
• Important Questions to Ask Your Doctor When Diagnosed with Cancer
• Tips for Getting a Second Opinion
• How to Choose an Oncologist
Methods of Treatment for Cancer
Surgery: Surgery can be used to prevent, treat, stage (determine how advanced the cancer is), and diagnose cancer. In relation to cancer treatment, surgery is done to remove tumors or as much of the cancerous tissue as possible. It is often performed in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
For those whose cancer is not treatable, palliative surgery may be an option to relieve pain that may be caused by the cancer. Palliative surgery is not intended to treat or cure the cancer, or even to prolong life, but more to lessen discomfort.
• How to Find the Right Surgeon
• Coping with Your Surgery Anxiety
• Recovering from Surgery: Realistic Expectations
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses of drugs to eliminate cancer cells. Unlike surgery, chemotherapy affects the entire body, not just a specific part. It works by targeting rapidly multiplying cancer cells. Unfortunately, other types of cells in our bodies also multiply at high rates, like hair follicle cells and the cells that line our stomachs. This is why chemo can cause side effects like hair loss and an upset stomach.
Chemotherapy is most commonly given by pill or intravenously (IV), but can be given in other ways. A single type of chemotherapy, or a combination of drugs, may be prescribed for a specific length of time. Like surgery, chemotherapy can be prescribed alone, in conjunction with radiation therapy or biologic therapy.
• Sexual Side Effects of Chemotherapy
• Recognizing the Signs of Dehydration During Chemotherapy
• Can You Prevent Hair Loss Caused by Chemotherapy?
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses certain types of energy to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells. It works by damaging a cancer cell's DNA, making it unable to multiply. Cancer cells are highly sensitive to radiation and typically die when treated. Nearby healthy cells can be damaged as well, but are resilient and are able to fully recover.
Radiation therapy may be given alone, along with chemotherapy, and/or with surgery. The decision to combine radiation therapy with other types of treatment depends on the stage of cancer and other factors.
• Radiation Therapy Basics
• Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
• How to Manage Skin Side Effects Caused by Radiation Therapy
Biologic or Targeted Therapy:
Biologic therapy is a term for drugs that target characteristics of cancerous tumors. Some types of targeted therapies work by blocking the biological processes of tumors that allow tumors to thrive and grow. Other types of therapies cut off the blood supply to the tumor, causing it to basically starve and die because of a lack of blood.
Targeted therapy is used in select types of cancer and is not available for everyone. It is given in conjunction with other cancer treatments.
Clinical Trials: Research studies of the latest drugs and therapies against many types of cancer are continuously being conducted. This type of research requires human volunteers to test the safety and effectiveness of new therapies. Volunteers must meet the criteria of each study to participate.
Types of Cancer. What are the Different Types of Cancer?
Types of Cancer
What are the Different Types of Cancer?
Cancer is a broad term used to encompass several malignant diseases. There are over 100 different types of cancer, affecting various parts of the body. Each type of cancer is unique with its own causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment. Like with all groups of disease, some types of cancer are more common than others.
Common Types of Cancer
Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men and women. Over one million cases are diagnosed each year, with more young people having skin cancer than ever before. The most common types of cancer in the United States based on frequency of diagnosis are:
• bladder cancer
• breast cancer
• colon cancer
• endometrial cancer
• kidney cancer (renal cell)
• leukemia
• lung cancer
• melanoma
• non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• pancreatic cancer
• prostate cancer
• thyroid cancer
Types of Cancer Classified by Body System
Cancer has the potential to affect every organ in the body. The cells within malignant tumors have the ability to invade neighboring tissues and organs, thus spreading the disease. It is also possible for cancerous cells to break free from the tumor and enter the bloodstream, in turn spreading the disease to other organs. This process of spreading is called metastasis.
When cancer has metastasized and has affected other areas of the body, the disease is still referred to the organ of origination. For instance, if cervical cancer spreads to the lungs, it is still called cervical cancer, not lung cancer.
Blood Cancer: The cells in the bone marrow that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets can sometimes become cancerous. These cancers are leukemia or lymphoma.
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Multiple Myeloma
• Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia
Bone Cancer: Bone cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that can affect both children and adults, but primarily affects children and teens. There are several types of bone cancer, but the most common types are:
• Ewing's Sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma
Brain Cancer: Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous). They affect both children and adults. Malignant brain tumors don't often spread beyond the brain. However, other types of cancer have the ability to spread to the brain. Types of brain cancer include:
• Adult Brain Tumor
• Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood
• Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood
• Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, Childhood
• Ependymoma, Childhood
• Medulloblastoma, Childhood
• Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors and Pineoblastoma, Childhood
• Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood
Breast Cancer: Breast cancer is a common type of cancer that affects women and much less commonly, men. More than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States each year. Types of breast cancer include, but are not limited to:
• ductal carcinoma in situ
• lobular carcinoma in situ
• inflammatory breast cancer
• Paget's disease of the nipple
• Invasive types of breast cancer
Digestive/Gastrointestinal Cancers This is a broad category of cancer that affects everything from the esophagus to the anus. Each type is specific and has its own symptoms, causes, and treatments.
• Anal Cancer
• Bile Duct Cancer, Extrahepatic
• Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal
• colon cancer
• Esophageal Cancer
• Gallbladder Cancer
• Liver Cancer, Adult Primary
• Liver Cancer, Childhood
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Rectal Cancer
• Small Intestine Cancer
• Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
Endocrine Cancers: The endocrine system is an instrumental part of the body that is responsible for glandular and hormonal activity. Thyroid cancer is the most common of the endocrine cancer types and generally, the least fatal.
• Adrenocortical Carcinoma
• Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal
• Islet Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas)
• Parathyroid Cancer
• Pheochromocytoma
• Pituitary Tumor
• Thyroid Cancer
Eye Cancer: Like other organs in the human body, the eyes are vulnerable to cancer as well. Eye cancer can affect both children and adults.
• Melanoma, Intraocular
• Retinoblastoma
Genitourinary Cancers: These types of cancer affect the male genitalia and urinary tract.
• Bladder Cancer
• Kidney cancer (renal cell)
• Penile Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer, Transitional Cell
• Testicular Cancer
• Urethral Cancer
• Wilms' Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Tumors
Gynecologic Cancers: This group of cancer types affect the organs of the female reproductive system. Specialized oncologists called gynecologic oncologists are recommended for treating gynecologic cancer.
• Cervical Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor
• Ovarian Cancer
• Uterine Sarcoma
• Vaginal Cancer
• Vulvar Cancer
Head and Neck Cancer: Most head and neck cancers affect moist mucosal surfaces of the head and neck, like the mouth, throat, and nose. Causes of head and neck cancer vary, but cigarette smoking plays a role. Current research suggests a strong HPV link in the development of some head and neck cancer.
• Hypopharyngeal Cancer
• Laryngeal Cancer
• Lip and Oral Cancer
• Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer
• Nasopharyngeal Cancer
• Oropharyngeal Cancer
• Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
• Parathyroid Cancer
• Salivary Gland Cancer
Respiratory Cancers: Cigarette smoking is the primary cause for cancer affecting the respiratory system. Exposure to asbestos is also a factor.
• Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell
• Lung Cancer, Small Cell
• Malignant Mesothelioma
• Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma
Skin Cancers:
Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common type of cancer among men and women. Exposure to the UV rays of the sun is the primary cause for non-melanoma skin cancer and also melanoma.
• Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
• Kaposi's Sarcoma
• Melanoma
• Merkel Cell Carcinoma
• Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
What are the Different Types of Cancer?
Cancer is a broad term used to encompass several malignant diseases. There are over 100 different types of cancer, affecting various parts of the body. Each type of cancer is unique with its own causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment. Like with all groups of disease, some types of cancer are more common than others.
Common Types of Cancer
Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men and women. Over one million cases are diagnosed each year, with more young people having skin cancer than ever before. The most common types of cancer in the United States based on frequency of diagnosis are:
• bladder cancer
• breast cancer
• colon cancer
• endometrial cancer
• kidney cancer (renal cell)
• leukemia
• lung cancer
• melanoma
• non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• pancreatic cancer
• prostate cancer
• thyroid cancer
Types of Cancer Classified by Body System
Cancer has the potential to affect every organ in the body. The cells within malignant tumors have the ability to invade neighboring tissues and organs, thus spreading the disease. It is also possible for cancerous cells to break free from the tumor and enter the bloodstream, in turn spreading the disease to other organs. This process of spreading is called metastasis.
When cancer has metastasized and has affected other areas of the body, the disease is still referred to the organ of origination. For instance, if cervical cancer spreads to the lungs, it is still called cervical cancer, not lung cancer.
Blood Cancer: The cells in the bone marrow that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets can sometimes become cancerous. These cancers are leukemia or lymphoma.
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Multiple Myeloma
• Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia
Bone Cancer: Bone cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that can affect both children and adults, but primarily affects children and teens. There are several types of bone cancer, but the most common types are:
• Ewing's Sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma
Brain Cancer: Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous). They affect both children and adults. Malignant brain tumors don't often spread beyond the brain. However, other types of cancer have the ability to spread to the brain. Types of brain cancer include:
• Adult Brain Tumor
• Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood
• Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood
• Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, Childhood
• Ependymoma, Childhood
• Medulloblastoma, Childhood
• Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors and Pineoblastoma, Childhood
• Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood
Breast Cancer: Breast cancer is a common type of cancer that affects women and much less commonly, men. More than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States each year. Types of breast cancer include, but are not limited to:
• ductal carcinoma in situ
• lobular carcinoma in situ
• inflammatory breast cancer
• Paget's disease of the nipple
• Invasive types of breast cancer
Digestive/Gastrointestinal Cancers This is a broad category of cancer that affects everything from the esophagus to the anus. Each type is specific and has its own symptoms, causes, and treatments.
• Anal Cancer
• Bile Duct Cancer, Extrahepatic
• Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal
• colon cancer
• Esophageal Cancer
• Gallbladder Cancer
• Liver Cancer, Adult Primary
• Liver Cancer, Childhood
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Rectal Cancer
• Small Intestine Cancer
• Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
Endocrine Cancers: The endocrine system is an instrumental part of the body that is responsible for glandular and hormonal activity. Thyroid cancer is the most common of the endocrine cancer types and generally, the least fatal.
• Adrenocortical Carcinoma
• Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal
• Islet Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas)
• Parathyroid Cancer
• Pheochromocytoma
• Pituitary Tumor
• Thyroid Cancer
Eye Cancer: Like other organs in the human body, the eyes are vulnerable to cancer as well. Eye cancer can affect both children and adults.
• Melanoma, Intraocular
• Retinoblastoma
Genitourinary Cancers: These types of cancer affect the male genitalia and urinary tract.
• Bladder Cancer
• Kidney cancer (renal cell)
• Penile Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer, Transitional Cell
• Testicular Cancer
• Urethral Cancer
• Wilms' Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Tumors
Gynecologic Cancers: This group of cancer types affect the organs of the female reproductive system. Specialized oncologists called gynecologic oncologists are recommended for treating gynecologic cancer.
• Cervical Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor
• Ovarian Cancer
• Uterine Sarcoma
• Vaginal Cancer
• Vulvar Cancer
Head and Neck Cancer: Most head and neck cancers affect moist mucosal surfaces of the head and neck, like the mouth, throat, and nose. Causes of head and neck cancer vary, but cigarette smoking plays a role. Current research suggests a strong HPV link in the development of some head and neck cancer.
• Hypopharyngeal Cancer
• Laryngeal Cancer
• Lip and Oral Cancer
• Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer
• Nasopharyngeal Cancer
• Oropharyngeal Cancer
• Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
• Parathyroid Cancer
• Salivary Gland Cancer
Respiratory Cancers: Cigarette smoking is the primary cause for cancer affecting the respiratory system. Exposure to asbestos is also a factor.
• Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell
• Lung Cancer, Small Cell
• Malignant Mesothelioma
• Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma
Skin Cancers:
Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common type of cancer among men and women. Exposure to the UV rays of the sun is the primary cause for non-melanoma skin cancer and also melanoma.
• Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
• Kaposi's Sarcoma
• Melanoma
• Merkel Cell Carcinoma
• Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Symptoms of Cancer. Cancer Symptoms You Need to Know
Symptoms of Cancer
Cancer Symptoms You Need to Know
Cancer is a broad term that encompasses over one hundred different types of cancer. Although each type has its own set of characteristics, there are some cancer symptoms that occur in many types of cancer.
It is important to note that some types of cancer do not present any symptoms until they are in advanced stages. This is why cancer screening and risk assessment are vital for cancer prevention and early detection.
Symptoms of Cancer
A broad spectrum of non-specific cancer symptoms may include:
• Persistent Fatigue: Fatigue is one of the most commonly experienced cancer symptoms. It is usually more common when the cancer is advanced, but still occurs in the early stages of some cancers. Anemia is commonly the culprit -- a condition that is associated with many types of cancer, especially types affecting the bowel. Fatigue is a symptom of both malignant and non-malignant conditions and should be evaluated by a physician.
• Unintentional Weight Loss: While it may be a welcome surprise to lose weight without trying, it can be a red flag for many illnesses, including cancer. Losing 10 pounds or more unintentionally definitely warrants a visit to the doctor. This type of weight loss can occur with or without loss of appetite. Remember, weight loss can be a symptom of cancer, but is also a symptom of many other illnesses, too.
• Pain Typically, pain is not an early symptom of cancer, except in some cancer types like those that spread to the bone. Pain generally occurs when cancer spreads and begins to affect other organs and nerves.
Lower pack pain is cancer symptom that is associated with ovarian cancer and colon cancer. Shoulder pain can also be a symptom of lung cancer. Pain in the form of headaches can be associated with brain tumors (malignant and benign).
Stomach pains can be related to types of cancer, like stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and many others. Stomach pain can be a very vague symptom because so many illnesses can cause stomach pain.
• Fever: A fever is a very non-specific symptom of many mild to severe conditions, including cancer. In relation to cancer, a fever that is persistent or one that comes and goes frequently can signal stress on the immune system. Fevers are commonly associated with types of cancer that affects the blood, like leukemia and lymphoma, but are also common in people whose cancer has spread.
• Bowel Changes: If you experience constipation, diarrhea, blood in the stools, gas, thinner stools, or just a general overall change in bowel habits, see your doctor. These symptoms are most commonly associated with colon cancer, but are also related to other cancer types.
• Chronic Cough: A persistent, new cough or a cough that won't go away or becomes worse needs to be evaluated by a doctor. Blood and/or mucus may accompany the cough and can be caused many conditions. In relation to cancer, a chronic cough with blood or mucus can be symptom of lung cancer.
Keep in mind that these are very general, vague symptoms of cancer. If you have one or two of these symptoms, it is not a red flag for cancer but more an indication to your doctor to run certain medical tests. The symptoms listed above are experienced by most people with cancer at various stages of their disease, but are also linked to many other non-cancerous conditions. For more specific cancer symptoms, see below for symptom information about several types of cancer. You may also get a better understanding of what your symptoms may mean by using the About.com Symptom Checker, an interactive health education tool.
Specific Symptoms of Different Types of Cancer
• Anal Cancer
• Bladder Cancer
• Breast Cancer
• Cervical Cancer
• Colon Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Esophageal Cancer
• Kidney Cancer
• Leukemia
• Liver Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Lymphoma
• Ovarian Cancer
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Penile Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Skin Cancer
• Stomach Cancer
Cancer Symptoms You Need to Know
Cancer is a broad term that encompasses over one hundred different types of cancer. Although each type has its own set of characteristics, there are some cancer symptoms that occur in many types of cancer.
It is important to note that some types of cancer do not present any symptoms until they are in advanced stages. This is why cancer screening and risk assessment are vital for cancer prevention and early detection.
Symptoms of Cancer
A broad spectrum of non-specific cancer symptoms may include:
• Persistent Fatigue: Fatigue is one of the most commonly experienced cancer symptoms. It is usually more common when the cancer is advanced, but still occurs in the early stages of some cancers. Anemia is commonly the culprit -- a condition that is associated with many types of cancer, especially types affecting the bowel. Fatigue is a symptom of both malignant and non-malignant conditions and should be evaluated by a physician.
• Unintentional Weight Loss: While it may be a welcome surprise to lose weight without trying, it can be a red flag for many illnesses, including cancer. Losing 10 pounds or more unintentionally definitely warrants a visit to the doctor. This type of weight loss can occur with or without loss of appetite. Remember, weight loss can be a symptom of cancer, but is also a symptom of many other illnesses, too.
• Pain Typically, pain is not an early symptom of cancer, except in some cancer types like those that spread to the bone. Pain generally occurs when cancer spreads and begins to affect other organs and nerves.
Lower pack pain is cancer symptom that is associated with ovarian cancer and colon cancer. Shoulder pain can also be a symptom of lung cancer. Pain in the form of headaches can be associated with brain tumors (malignant and benign).
Stomach pains can be related to types of cancer, like stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and many others. Stomach pain can be a very vague symptom because so many illnesses can cause stomach pain.
• Fever: A fever is a very non-specific symptom of many mild to severe conditions, including cancer. In relation to cancer, a fever that is persistent or one that comes and goes frequently can signal stress on the immune system. Fevers are commonly associated with types of cancer that affects the blood, like leukemia and lymphoma, but are also common in people whose cancer has spread.
• Bowel Changes: If you experience constipation, diarrhea, blood in the stools, gas, thinner stools, or just a general overall change in bowel habits, see your doctor. These symptoms are most commonly associated with colon cancer, but are also related to other cancer types.
• Chronic Cough: A persistent, new cough or a cough that won't go away or becomes worse needs to be evaluated by a doctor. Blood and/or mucus may accompany the cough and can be caused many conditions. In relation to cancer, a chronic cough with blood or mucus can be symptom of lung cancer.
Keep in mind that these are very general, vague symptoms of cancer. If you have one or two of these symptoms, it is not a red flag for cancer but more an indication to your doctor to run certain medical tests. The symptoms listed above are experienced by most people with cancer at various stages of their disease, but are also linked to many other non-cancerous conditions. For more specific cancer symptoms, see below for symptom information about several types of cancer. You may also get a better understanding of what your symptoms may mean by using the About.com Symptom Checker, an interactive health education tool.
Specific Symptoms of Different Types of Cancer
• Anal Cancer
• Bladder Cancer
• Breast Cancer
• Cervical Cancer
• Colon Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Esophageal Cancer
• Kidney Cancer
• Leukemia
• Liver Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Lymphoma
• Ovarian Cancer
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Penile Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Skin Cancer
• Stomach Cancer
Bone Cancer. Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention
Bone Cancer
Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention of Bone Cancer
Bone cancer is a type of cancer that can affect both children and adults, although it is more common in children and teens. It is categorized based on whether the cancer originated in the bone (primary) or whether it spread from another location to the bone (secondary). Secondary bone cancer, or cancer that has spread to the bone from another part of the body, is much more common than primary bone cancer. In fact, primary bone cancer is considered rare. We'll focus specifically on primary bone cancer here.
There are several types of primary bone cancer, including:
• osteosarcoma
• chondrosarcoma
• Ewing's sarcoma
• malignant fibrous histiocytoma
• fibrosarcoma
• chordoma
Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma are the most commonly diagnosed types of bone cancer. Other types of cancer can occur in the bone, such as lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Lymphoma most often develops in the lymph nodes, but can begin in the bone. Multiple meyeloma affects the bone marrow cells, not the actual cells of the bone, so it is not characterized as a true bone cancer.
Causes of Bone Cancer
Although we can't pinpoint exactly why malignant bone tumors form, researchers have discovered that some hereditary conditions can increase the risk of bone cancer. Examples of hereditary conditions that may increase the risk of bone cancer include:
• Multiple exostoses
• Rothmund-Thomson syndrome
• hereditary retinoblastoma
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Adults with Paget's disease of the bone may also be at an increased risk of developing bone cancer.
Previous radiation therapy treatment has been associated with bone cancer. This correlation is strongest if the radiation therapy was given during childhood. This, however, does not make having radiation therapy as cancer treatment harmful or unsafe. For most people with cancer, the benefit of having radiation therapy far exceeds any risks. This risk does not include radiation exposure from routine x-rays.
Symptoms of Bone Cancer
Symptoms may vary based on the type of bone cancer, but pain is the most commonly experienced symptom. Bone cancer most often occurs in the long bones of the body (arms and legs), so these are the most common sites for pain. Keep in mind that not all bone tumors are cancerous; some are benign. Bone pain is more often related to a benign condition, like an injury, than it is to cancer.
Other symptoms of bone cancer include:
• joint tenderness or inflammation
• fractures due to bone weakness
Non-specific symptoms like fever, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and anemia can also be symptoms of bone cancer, but are also indicators of other less severe conditions.
Diagnosing Bone Cancer
Symptoms combined with other findings during a physical exam may suggest the presence of bone cancer, but additional tests are needed to confirm any suspicion.
Imaging tests, like x-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, help identify any bone abnormalities. Other tests may include a bone scan, a specialized nuclear imaging test that allows doctors to see the metabolic activity of the bone. Bone scans identify areas in the bone that have new growth or have broken down -- excellent indicators of conditions.
Ultimately, it is a bone biopsy that will rule out or confirm the presence of cancer. A bone biopsy involves the removal of a small amount of bone tissue to be examined under a microscope. It usually takes less than an hour and can be done as an outpatient or surgical procedure.
Doing a biopsy on someone with primary bone cancer can be complex because there is a risk of spreading the cancer during the procedure. The procedure should be done by a surgeon who has experience performing bone biopsies on those with primary bone cancer.
If cancer is detected, it is then graded and staged by a pathologist. Grading and staging classifications vary based on the type of bone cancer. Ideally, the pathologist examining the sample will be experienced in diagnosing bone cancer.
Treatment of Bone Cancer
The key to successful treatment is having a treatment team that is experienced in primary bone cancer. Many types of bone cancer are very rare, and having a team that is highly experienced in managing bone cancer is a necessity. Several different types of doctors make up these unique treatment teams and include medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, surgical oncologists, orthopedic oncologists, and specialized pathologists.
• Find a Bone Cancer Physician
There are three standard forms of treatment for primary bone cancer: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Many times, more than one treatment method is required, such as surgery along with radiation therapy. Treatment varies based on type of bone cancer, if it has spread (metastasized), and other general health factors.
Surgery: Bone cancer is most commonly treated with surgery. Surgical treatment for bone cancer that has not spread involves removing the cancerous tissue and a small margin of healthy bone tissue surrounding it. Some tumors may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy in addition to surgical treatment.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses specific types high energy beams of radiation to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells. Radiation therapy works by damaging a cancer cell's DNA, making it unable to multiply. Although radiation therapy can damage nearby healthy cells, cancer cells are highly sensitive to radiation and typically die when treated. Healthy cells that are damaged during radiation are resilient and are often able to fully recover.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is often prescribed to treat bone cancer. Chemotherapy drugs work by eliminating rapidly multiplying cancer cells. However, there are other healthy cells in the body that multiply just as quickly, such as hair follicle cells. Unfortunately, many chemotherapy drugs may not be able to discern the two, attacking healthy cells and causing side effects like hair loss.
Source:
American Cancer Society. Detailed Guide: Bone Cancer What Is Bone Cancer? July 07, 2008.
http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BoneCancer/DetailedGuide/bone-cancer-what-is-bone-cancer
National Cancer Institute. Bone Cancer.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/bone
Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention of Bone Cancer
Bone cancer is a type of cancer that can affect both children and adults, although it is more common in children and teens. It is categorized based on whether the cancer originated in the bone (primary) or whether it spread from another location to the bone (secondary). Secondary bone cancer, or cancer that has spread to the bone from another part of the body, is much more common than primary bone cancer. In fact, primary bone cancer is considered rare. We'll focus specifically on primary bone cancer here.
There are several types of primary bone cancer, including:
• osteosarcoma
• chondrosarcoma
• Ewing's sarcoma
• malignant fibrous histiocytoma
• fibrosarcoma
• chordoma
Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma are the most commonly diagnosed types of bone cancer. Other types of cancer can occur in the bone, such as lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Lymphoma most often develops in the lymph nodes, but can begin in the bone. Multiple meyeloma affects the bone marrow cells, not the actual cells of the bone, so it is not characterized as a true bone cancer.
Causes of Bone Cancer
Although we can't pinpoint exactly why malignant bone tumors form, researchers have discovered that some hereditary conditions can increase the risk of bone cancer. Examples of hereditary conditions that may increase the risk of bone cancer include:
• Multiple exostoses
• Rothmund-Thomson syndrome
• hereditary retinoblastoma
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Adults with Paget's disease of the bone may also be at an increased risk of developing bone cancer.
Previous radiation therapy treatment has been associated with bone cancer. This correlation is strongest if the radiation therapy was given during childhood. This, however, does not make having radiation therapy as cancer treatment harmful or unsafe. For most people with cancer, the benefit of having radiation therapy far exceeds any risks. This risk does not include radiation exposure from routine x-rays.
Symptoms of Bone Cancer
Symptoms may vary based on the type of bone cancer, but pain is the most commonly experienced symptom. Bone cancer most often occurs in the long bones of the body (arms and legs), so these are the most common sites for pain. Keep in mind that not all bone tumors are cancerous; some are benign. Bone pain is more often related to a benign condition, like an injury, than it is to cancer.
Other symptoms of bone cancer include:
• joint tenderness or inflammation
• fractures due to bone weakness
Non-specific symptoms like fever, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and anemia can also be symptoms of bone cancer, but are also indicators of other less severe conditions.
Diagnosing Bone Cancer
Symptoms combined with other findings during a physical exam may suggest the presence of bone cancer, but additional tests are needed to confirm any suspicion.
Imaging tests, like x-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, help identify any bone abnormalities. Other tests may include a bone scan, a specialized nuclear imaging test that allows doctors to see the metabolic activity of the bone. Bone scans identify areas in the bone that have new growth or have broken down -- excellent indicators of conditions.
Ultimately, it is a bone biopsy that will rule out or confirm the presence of cancer. A bone biopsy involves the removal of a small amount of bone tissue to be examined under a microscope. It usually takes less than an hour and can be done as an outpatient or surgical procedure.
Doing a biopsy on someone with primary bone cancer can be complex because there is a risk of spreading the cancer during the procedure. The procedure should be done by a surgeon who has experience performing bone biopsies on those with primary bone cancer.
If cancer is detected, it is then graded and staged by a pathologist. Grading and staging classifications vary based on the type of bone cancer. Ideally, the pathologist examining the sample will be experienced in diagnosing bone cancer.
Treatment of Bone Cancer
The key to successful treatment is having a treatment team that is experienced in primary bone cancer. Many types of bone cancer are very rare, and having a team that is highly experienced in managing bone cancer is a necessity. Several different types of doctors make up these unique treatment teams and include medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, surgical oncologists, orthopedic oncologists, and specialized pathologists.
• Find a Bone Cancer Physician
There are three standard forms of treatment for primary bone cancer: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Many times, more than one treatment method is required, such as surgery along with radiation therapy. Treatment varies based on type of bone cancer, if it has spread (metastasized), and other general health factors.
Surgery: Bone cancer is most commonly treated with surgery. Surgical treatment for bone cancer that has not spread involves removing the cancerous tissue and a small margin of healthy bone tissue surrounding it. Some tumors may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy in addition to surgical treatment.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses specific types high energy beams of radiation to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells. Radiation therapy works by damaging a cancer cell's DNA, making it unable to multiply. Although radiation therapy can damage nearby healthy cells, cancer cells are highly sensitive to radiation and typically die when treated. Healthy cells that are damaged during radiation are resilient and are often able to fully recover.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is often prescribed to treat bone cancer. Chemotherapy drugs work by eliminating rapidly multiplying cancer cells. However, there are other healthy cells in the body that multiply just as quickly, such as hair follicle cells. Unfortunately, many chemotherapy drugs may not be able to discern the two, attacking healthy cells and causing side effects like hair loss.
Source:
American Cancer Society. Detailed Guide: Bone Cancer What Is Bone Cancer? July 07, 2008.
http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BoneCancer/DetailedGuide/bone-cancer-what-is-bone-cancer
National Cancer Institute. Bone Cancer.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/bone
Bladder Cancer. Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention
Bladder Cancer
The Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is a disease that affects the bladder, an elastic organ that is responsible for storing urine that is released by the kidneys. It is the fifth most common type of cancer in the U.S. and when diagnosed in the early stages, it is highly treatable.
There are several types of bladder cancer, some being more common then others. The most common type of bladder cancer is urothelial carcinoma, accounting for about 90% of bladder cancer cases. The remaining types of bladder cancer are considered rare. They include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma, and, melanoma.
* Video: What is Bladder Cancer?
Bladder Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
Although researchers cannot pinpoint the exact causes of bladder cancer, several risk factors for the disease have been identified. The greatest risk factor for developing bladder cancer is smoking. When people smoke, the carcinogens are absorbed into the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Our blood is then filtered by the kidneys and the waste is then converted in urine, which is released to the bladder to exit our body. Unfortunately, the carcinogens from the tobacco remain in the urine and damage the cells in our bladder, potentially causing cancer.
We also know that occupational exposure to certain chemicals increases our risk of bladder cancer. Chemicals used in making dyes is strongly associated to the development of bladder cancer. Chemicals called aromatic amines at factories that produce leather, rubber, paint, and other products are also suspected.
We also know that hair stylists, painters, those who work at printing factories, and truck drives also develop bladder cancer more commonly than those who work in other industries. Other risk factors for bladder cancer include:
• being Caucasian
• being male
• increasing age
• personal or family history of bladder cancer
• bladder birth defects
• chronic bladder inflammation (cystitis)
• not consuming enough liquids
Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
Symptoms of bladder cancer include:
• blood in the urine )either seen by naked eye or microscopically
• painful urination
• frequent urination
Diagnosing Bladder Cancer
If a doctor suspects that something may be wrong with the bladder, one of the first tests done will be a urine culture and urinalysis. Your doctor will want to see if an infection is the underlying cause of symptoms. A urine culture looks for the presence of bacteria in the urine, while urinalysis checks for the presence of blood. Note: If you are being treated for a urinary tract infection or cystitis and are not feeling better after taking all of your medication, it is important that you let your doctor know.
Your doctor may also want to check your urine for the presence of tumor markers, proteins that are increased in the urine of people with bladder cancer.
Another test used is diagnosing bladder cancer is urine cytology. In this test, a sample of your urine is screened for abnormal cells. These cells are then looked at under the microscope to screen for cancer. While it may sound like a non-invasive way to easily diagnose bladder cancer, it isn't. The test is known for false-negatives and false positives.
If bladder cancer is suspected, then the doctor will want to get a better look at your bladder. This can be achieved through a cystoscopy, a procedure where the doctor inserts a thin, lighted tube equipped with a microscopic camera into the urethra to the bladder. The camera projects live feed to a monitor allowing the doctor to see see inside the bladder. If any suspicious areas are found, a biopsy can be done during a cystoscopy. A biopsy is the removal of small amount of bladder tissue to be examined further for the presence of cancer. It is the only way to confirm if cancer is present.
Bladder Cancer Treatment
Once bladder cancer is confirmed and the type and stage have been identified, a treatment plan is developed. Treatment depends on the type and stage of bladder cancer, as well as general health.
Surgery is the most common type of treatment for bladder cancer. Surgery can be as minor as removing small superficial tumors during a cystoscopy to surgery to remove the entire bladder (cystectomy). Surgery may be done alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation.
Chemotherapy may be recommended for both early and advanced stages of bladder cancer, but they may be administered differently. Chemotherapy treatment for those with early stage bladder cancer is delivered directly into the bladder. This is called intravesical chemotherapy. More advanced cases of bladder cancer that have spread to beyond the bladder are treated by standard intravenous (IV) chemotherapy.This type of treatment uses certain types high energy beams of radiation to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells.
Radiation therapy can be prescribed to treat the disease and also to ease symptoms caused by the bladder cancer (palliatively). This type of treatment uses certain types high energy beams of radiation to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells. Radiation therapy works by damaging a cancer cell's DNA, making it unable to multiply. Although radiation therapy can damage nearby healthy cells, cancer cells are highly sensitive to radiation and typically die when treated. Healthy cells that are damaged during radiation are resilient and are often able to fully recover.
• Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
• How to Manage Skin Side Effects Caused by Radiation Therapy
Preventing Bladder Cancer
Unfortunately, there are no proven methods that guarantee prevention of bladder cancer. By avoiding what risk factors we can for bladder cancer, we may be able to reduce our chances of developing it.
Quit Smoking or Don't Start. Smoking is the number one risk factor for bladder cancer. As soon as you quit (it's never too late!), your body reaps the benefits of being tobacco free. Quitting smoking is one of your best defenses against bladder cancer. Need help kicking the habit? Visit the About.com Smoking Cessation site.
Be Aware of Your Workplace Chemical Exposure. If you are exposed to fumes, dust and chemicals in the workplace, you have a right to know what you are being exposed to. Talk to your employer about limiting your exposure.
Drink Plenty of Fluids. Some studies suggest that keeping well hydrated may reduce your risk of developing bladder cancer. The more liquids you intake, the less time toxic substance remain in the system, potentially causing damage.
The Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is a disease that affects the bladder, an elastic organ that is responsible for storing urine that is released by the kidneys. It is the fifth most common type of cancer in the U.S. and when diagnosed in the early stages, it is highly treatable.
There are several types of bladder cancer, some being more common then others. The most common type of bladder cancer is urothelial carcinoma, accounting for about 90% of bladder cancer cases. The remaining types of bladder cancer are considered rare. They include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma, and, melanoma.
* Video: What is Bladder Cancer?
Bladder Cancer Causes and Risk Factors
Although researchers cannot pinpoint the exact causes of bladder cancer, several risk factors for the disease have been identified. The greatest risk factor for developing bladder cancer is smoking. When people smoke, the carcinogens are absorbed into the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Our blood is then filtered by the kidneys and the waste is then converted in urine, which is released to the bladder to exit our body. Unfortunately, the carcinogens from the tobacco remain in the urine and damage the cells in our bladder, potentially causing cancer.
We also know that occupational exposure to certain chemicals increases our risk of bladder cancer. Chemicals used in making dyes is strongly associated to the development of bladder cancer. Chemicals called aromatic amines at factories that produce leather, rubber, paint, and other products are also suspected.
We also know that hair stylists, painters, those who work at printing factories, and truck drives also develop bladder cancer more commonly than those who work in other industries. Other risk factors for bladder cancer include:
• being Caucasian
• being male
• increasing age
• personal or family history of bladder cancer
• bladder birth defects
• chronic bladder inflammation (cystitis)
• not consuming enough liquids
Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
Symptoms of bladder cancer include:
• blood in the urine )either seen by naked eye or microscopically
• painful urination
• frequent urination
Diagnosing Bladder Cancer
If a doctor suspects that something may be wrong with the bladder, one of the first tests done will be a urine culture and urinalysis. Your doctor will want to see if an infection is the underlying cause of symptoms. A urine culture looks for the presence of bacteria in the urine, while urinalysis checks for the presence of blood. Note: If you are being treated for a urinary tract infection or cystitis and are not feeling better after taking all of your medication, it is important that you let your doctor know.
Your doctor may also want to check your urine for the presence of tumor markers, proteins that are increased in the urine of people with bladder cancer.
Another test used is diagnosing bladder cancer is urine cytology. In this test, a sample of your urine is screened for abnormal cells. These cells are then looked at under the microscope to screen for cancer. While it may sound like a non-invasive way to easily diagnose bladder cancer, it isn't. The test is known for false-negatives and false positives.
If bladder cancer is suspected, then the doctor will want to get a better look at your bladder. This can be achieved through a cystoscopy, a procedure where the doctor inserts a thin, lighted tube equipped with a microscopic camera into the urethra to the bladder. The camera projects live feed to a monitor allowing the doctor to see see inside the bladder. If any suspicious areas are found, a biopsy can be done during a cystoscopy. A biopsy is the removal of small amount of bladder tissue to be examined further for the presence of cancer. It is the only way to confirm if cancer is present.
Bladder Cancer Treatment
Once bladder cancer is confirmed and the type and stage have been identified, a treatment plan is developed. Treatment depends on the type and stage of bladder cancer, as well as general health.
Surgery is the most common type of treatment for bladder cancer. Surgery can be as minor as removing small superficial tumors during a cystoscopy to surgery to remove the entire bladder (cystectomy). Surgery may be done alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation.
Chemotherapy may be recommended for both early and advanced stages of bladder cancer, but they may be administered differently. Chemotherapy treatment for those with early stage bladder cancer is delivered directly into the bladder. This is called intravesical chemotherapy. More advanced cases of bladder cancer that have spread to beyond the bladder are treated by standard intravenous (IV) chemotherapy.This type of treatment uses certain types high energy beams of radiation to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells.
Radiation therapy can be prescribed to treat the disease and also to ease symptoms caused by the bladder cancer (palliatively). This type of treatment uses certain types high energy beams of radiation to shrink tumors or eliminate cancer cells. Radiation therapy works by damaging a cancer cell's DNA, making it unable to multiply. Although radiation therapy can damage nearby healthy cells, cancer cells are highly sensitive to radiation and typically die when treated. Healthy cells that are damaged during radiation are resilient and are often able to fully recover.
• Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
• How to Manage Skin Side Effects Caused by Radiation Therapy
Preventing Bladder Cancer
Unfortunately, there are no proven methods that guarantee prevention of bladder cancer. By avoiding what risk factors we can for bladder cancer, we may be able to reduce our chances of developing it.
Quit Smoking or Don't Start. Smoking is the number one risk factor for bladder cancer. As soon as you quit (it's never too late!), your body reaps the benefits of being tobacco free. Quitting smoking is one of your best defenses against bladder cancer. Need help kicking the habit? Visit the About.com Smoking Cessation site.
Be Aware of Your Workplace Chemical Exposure. If you are exposed to fumes, dust and chemicals in the workplace, you have a right to know what you are being exposed to. Talk to your employer about limiting your exposure.
Drink Plenty of Fluids. Some studies suggest that keeping well hydrated may reduce your risk of developing bladder cancer. The more liquids you intake, the less time toxic substance remain in the system, potentially causing damage.
AIDS Related Cancers
AIDS-related cancer is a group of cancers that are frequently diagnosed in people with HIV/AIDS. People who do not have HIV or AIDS can certainly develop these types of cancers, however they are only referred as HIV/AIDS-related cancers when diagnosed in someone with HIV or AIDS.
Types of HIV/AIDS Related Cancers
Cancers that are more prevalent among those with HIV/AIDS include:
• Kaposi's sarcoma
• Lymphoma
• Cervical cancer
• Anal cancer
• Oral cancer
• Testicular cancer
• Skin cancer
• Lung cancer
• Kaposi's sarcoma
• Lymphoma
• Cervical cancer
• Anal cancer
• Oral cancer
• Testicular cancer
• Skin cancer
• Lung cancer
Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and invasive cervical cancer are considered to be AIDS defining illnesses, a group of conditions and diseases that indicate advanced HIV or the onset of AIDS.
• List of AIDS Defining Illnesses
• Are HIV and AIDS the Same Thing?
• List of AIDS Defining Illnesses
• Are HIV and AIDS the Same Thing?
Causes of AIDS-Related Cancer
AIDS related cancer is not directly caused by the AIDS virus, but a combination of factors. It is believed that the weakened immune system caused by the virus makes people more vulnerable to developing cancer. Risk factors like smoking, drinking, and genetics that effect those without AIDS may be increased in those with HIV/AIDS. Research is being conducted to understand the connection between AIDS and cancer. Typically, Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma are the most common types of cancer diagnosed in people with AIDS. As the use of anti-retroviral treatment has increased, there has been a decline in these types of cancer among people with AIDS. As treatment has prolonged the lives of people with AIDS, this longevity has also allowed more time to develop other types of cancer.
Symptoms of AIDS-Related Cancer
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS related cancer vary among the different types of cancer. All symptoms experienced should be reported to the primary physician for evaluation.
• Kaposi's sarcoma symptoms
• Lymphoma symptoms
• Cervical cancer symptoms
• Anal cancer symptoms
• Oral cancer symptoms
• Testicular cancer symptoms
• Skin cancer symptoms
• Lung cancer symptoms
• Kaposi's sarcoma symptoms
• Lymphoma symptoms
• Cervical cancer symptoms
• Anal cancer symptoms
• Oral cancer symptoms
• Testicular cancer symptoms
• Skin cancer symptoms
• Lung cancer symptoms
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS Related Cancer
How cancer is diagnosed depends on what type of cancer is suspected. Lab tests, imaging tests, biopsies, and endoscopies are all methods of diagnosing many types of cancer.
Once cancer is confirmed, the stage of the cancer is then determined and a treatment plan is developed.
• What To Ask Your Doctor When Diagnosed with Cancer
• Do You Need a Second Opinion?
• What To Ask Your Doctor When Diagnosed with Cancer
• Do You Need a Second Opinion?
HIV/AIDS Related Cancer Treatment
Treatment for HIV/AIDS related cancer varied based on the type of cancer diagnosed. Common methods of treating cancer include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.
People with HIV/AIDS face a unique challenge in treatment due to already weakened immune systems and low white blood cell counts. These factors can complicate cancer treatment. Often initiating anti-HIV therapy results in better response, too.
• Find a Doctor with UCompareHealthCare
• How to Choose an Oncologist
• How to Find a Surgeon
• Find a Doctor with UCompareHealthCare
• How to Choose an Oncologist
• How to Find a Surgeon
Sources:
"AIDS Related Cancers". Detailed Guide: HIV Infection and AIDS. American Cancer Society. 12 May. Accessed 16 June 2008.
http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/OtherCarcinogens/InfectiousAgents/HIVInfectionandAIDS/hiv-infection-and-aids-cancer-and-h-i-v "General Information About Kaposi Sarcoma". Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®). National Cancer Institute. 28 April 2008. Accessed June 16, 2008.
"AIDS Related Cancers". Detailed Guide: HIV Infection and AIDS. American Cancer Society. 12 May. Accessed 16 June 2008.
http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/OtherCarcinogens/InfectiousAgents/HIVInfectionandAIDS/hiv-infection-and-aids-cancer-and-h-i-v "General Information About Kaposi Sarcoma". Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®). National Cancer Institute. 28 April 2008. Accessed June 16, 2008.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/kaposis/patient
"Related Malignancies, Lymphoma, Kaposi's Sarcoma". HIV.AIDS Information. National Library of Medicine. 28 April 2008. Accessed 16 June 2008. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/hiv/malign.html
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